Update on Typhoid Fever: An Ongoing Threat to Public Health

Author(s):

Zeca M. Salimo*, Líria E. Manhiça, Alexandre S. Biquiza, Ribeiro V. Ribeiro, Ana Raquel E. M. Gotine, João V. Mazalo, Egon B. Mualeite, Brenna K. F. da Silva, Lurdes R. M. B. Saíde, Victor I. Mwangi, Elizangela F. da Silva, Yury O. Chaves, Karim H. Neppelenbroek, Paulo A. Nogueira, Adele S. Benzaken and Alarquia A. Saíde

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by the gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica subspecies Serovar typhi, transmitted mainly by contaminated water or food. Lack of access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation in areas with poor hygiene conditions is a determining factor for the spread of the disease, making it more prevalent in developing countries. Prevention is essential to control typhoid fever, and measures such as vaccination, improvement of sanitary conditions and awareness campaigns on personal hygiene and food safety are key to reduce its incidence. Proper treatment with antibiotics is crucial to avoid serious complications. Antibiotic resistance has become an increasing challenge in the treatment of typhoid fever, highlighting the need for research and alternative strategies. This review aims to provide information on the epidemiology, diagnosis of typhoid fever and an update on novel medications used to prevent typhoid fever in developing countries.