*Corresponding Author:

Dr. Gurav RS
Department of Musculoskeletal Sciences, MGM College of Physiotherapy, Sector 1, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai - 410 209, Maharashtra, India.
E-mail: reshmagurav81@gmail.com

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Abstract

Background: Low back pain is a commonest musculoskeletal disorder affecting majority of people. Activity limitations are difficulties an individual may have in executing activities resulting from person’s functioning and disability. According to the fear‑avoidance model of low back pain, individuals who perceive pain as a sign of potential damage are more likely to avoid behaviors that increase their anxiety and show sub‑maximal performance during physical activity.Aim: Purpose of this study was to find the association between activity limitation and fear avoidance belief in patients with chronic low back pain. Subjects and Methods: Thirty subjects with chronic low back pain were included in the study. Activity limitation was measured using Back Performance Scale (BPS). Patients’ fear of pain and avoidance of physical activities was assessed with Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire (FABQ). Results: It was observed that performance was affected in roll up, fingertip to floor and lift test. In the two subscales of FABQ, 47 percent had more fear in physical activity component and 27 percent had more fear in work component. The scores of BPS and FABQ were correlated using Pearson’s correlation test showed strong positive correlation (r = 0.685, P value < 0.01). Higher scores on FABQ are indicative of greater fear and avoidance beliefs. Conclusion: Higher scores on the FABQ 47% in physical activity and 27% in work component are indicative of greater fear and avoidance beliefs. A strong relationship exists between elevated fear avoidance beliefs (FABQ) and activity limitation (BPS) in patients with chronic low back pain.

Keywords

Activity limitation, Back performance scale, Fear avoidance beliefs, Low back pain

Introduction

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is defined as pain that persists for 12 weeks or longer, even after an initial injury or underlying cause of acute low back pain (LBP) has been treated. [1] About 20% of people affected by acute LBP develop CLBP with persistent symptoms at 1 year. [2] LBP is a most common musculoskeletal disorder involving the muscles and bones of the back. It affects about 40% of people at some point in their lives. [3] Activity limitation is a difficulty an individual may have in executing activities, which results from person’s functioning. [4] LBP is the leading cause of physical impairments and work absence throughout much of the world, and it causes an enormous economic burden on individuals, families, and communities. [2] Studies conducted in developed countries have shown that seven million adults have physical impairments as a result of CLBP. [5]

The consequences of back pain are described as a melting pot of dysfunction affecting psychological, social, occupational, and family life. [6] Bodily pain, limitation of physical activities, and role limitation due to physical health are frequently occurring problems in this group of patients. Back performance scale (BPS) involving physical performance tests of daily activities is a measurement tool which has been found to reflect important aspects of physical functioning in patients with long-lasting back problems. [7] Pain problems have been viewed as complex, multidimensional developmental processes where various psychosocial factors are of the utmost importance. [8,9]

Fear of movement – kinesiophobia – has emerged as a significant predictor of pain-related outcomes including disability and psychological distress across various types of pain. Exacerbation of fear, possibly generating a phobic state in LBP results in long-term consequences in the initiation and maintenance of chronic pain disability. Fear-avoidance, which refers to the avoidance of movements or activities based on fear, has been put forth as a central mechanism in the development of long-term back pain problems. In particular, fear-avoidance is thought to play an instrumental role in the so-called deconditioning syndrome. [10].

Previous studies have shown that pain-related fear is a strong predictor of self-reported disability in both acute and CLBP. [10-14] Several studies have also reported that in patients with CLBP, pain-related fear is significantly associated with restricted physical performance. [15,16]

The fear-avoidance belief questionnaire (FABQ) is a questionnaire based on the fear-avoidance model of exaggerated pain perception. The FABQ measures patient’s fear of pain and consequent avoidance of physical activity (PA) because of their fear. [14] Thus, the FABQ is an outcome measure that serves as a clinically useful screening tool in identifying patients with high fear-avoidance belief who are at risk for prolonged disability.

Most of the previous studies have used self-report disability scales (e.g., the Oswestry LBP disability questionnaire, Roland–Morris disability questionnaire) to measure physical performance; however, the purpose of this study was to find the relationship between physical performance and fear-avoidance beliefs in adults with CLBP.

Subjects and Methods

Thirty subjects with CLBP visiting Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy Outpatient Department of MGM Hospital, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, were included in the study after obtaining ethical approval from MGM College of Physiotherapy research review committee. Study period was 3 months. The inclusion criteria were patients with mechanical LBP secondary to degenerative conditions of low back (more than 3 months). Exclusion criteria were patients with inflammatory, infectious, malignant conditions of spine, postsurgery patients with LBP, and pregnant women. Informed consent was taken from all the subjects. The basic demographic data (age, gender, occupation) were recorded. The intensity of LBP was measured using numerical rating scale (NRS) ranging from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity (0 = no pain, 10 = worst possible pain).

Physical performance was measured using BPS. It is a reliable and valid scale which measures daily activities requiring mobility of the trunk. It includes sock test, pick-up test, roll-up test, fingertip-to-floor test, and lift test (intraclass correlation [ICC] was 0.91).

The BPS is a 16-point scale ranging from 0 to15. Each BPS test was scored from 0 to 3 over the 4-point ordinal scales according to the observed physical performance level. A score of 0 was considered a good performance with no signs of physical impairment, a score of 1 was considered a somewhat limited performance, a score of 2 was considered a rather distinct limitation of performance, and a score of 3 was considered a substantially limited performance if performed at all. Total score was calculated by adding the individual scores of the 5 tests. Higher the score less is the physical performance. [7]

The five BPS tests which involve trunk mobility and combined movement are useful to assess physical impairments in patients with back pain. These tests, which entail harmonious movement of body and lower limbs, begin from different starting positions such as standing and require different angular values of knees. The tests and scoring alternatives are described in Table 1.

Table 1: Back Performance Scale - test protocol

After assessment of physical performance, patients’ fear of pain and avoidance of physical activities were assessed using the FABQ, which is a self-report health questionnaire. The therapist administrating the FABQ was blinded to the BPS score of the patient. The FABQ consists of 2 subscales, the first subscale (items 1–5) is the PA subscale (FABQ-PA) and the second subscale (items 6–16) is the work subscale (FABQ-W) as described in Table 2. Each subscale was graded separately by summing the responses respective scale items (0–6 for each item); for scoring purposes, only 4 of the PA scale items are scored (sum items 2, 3, 4, and 5) and only 7 of the work items (sum items 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 15). The physical activities’ score was classified as low fear (0–14 points) or high fear (15 points or more). Work subscale score was classified as low fear (0–33 points) or high fear (34 points or more). [17] The reliability of total FABQ is 0.97 (ICC = 0.97) and the evidence shows that the FABQ is correlated with Roland– Morris disability questionnaire. The correlation coefficients for the FABQ, FABQ-W subscale, and FABQ-PA subscale are 0.52, 0.63, and 0.51, respectively.

Table 2: Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire

The association of physical impairments on BPS and fear of pain and avoidance of physical activities on FABQ in patients with CLBP was found using Pearson’s correlation test. Data analysis was done using the SPSS for Windows, version 16.0., SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA.

Results

The demographic data of our study showed that 73% (22/30) were males and 27% (8/30) were females with the mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 36 (9) years. All patients reported LBP on activities ranging from 4 to 7 on NRS with bending and lifting heavy objects as the major aggravating factors. The mean of total BPS score was 9.53 out of 15. It was observed that the performance was affected in roll-up, fingertip-to-floor, and lift test with the mean score of 2.23, 2.20, and 2.30, respectively. The mean scores and SDs of each BPS component are as given in Table 3.

Table 3: Mean scores of each Back Performance Scale component

In the two subscales of FABQ, 47% (14/30) participants had more fear in PA component and 27% (8/30) had more fear in work component.

The scores of back performance and FABQ were correlated using Pearson’s correlation test which showed strong positive correlation (P < 0.01) with r value of 0.685 [Graph 1]. Further, each component of BPS was correlated with FABQ-PA and FABQ-W which showed significant association as given in Table 4.

Table 4: Correlation of Back Performance Scale tests components with Fear-Avoidance Belief Questionnaire-physical activity subscale and Fear-Avoidance Belief Questionnaire-work subscale

Graph 1: Scatter diagram of scores of back performance scale and fear-avoidance belief questionnaire

Discussion

It was observed that CLBP limited physical performance of participants in this study. Physical performance was associated with pain and fear-avoidance behavior in roll-up, fingertip-to-floor, and lift test. The finger-to-floor test requires shoulder and hip movement in addition to body mobility. The roll-up test requires adopting a sitting position and is related to abdominal muscle strength which could reflect difficulty in performance if there is weakness in abdominal muscle strength. Flexibility and strength evaluation was not carried out as part of our study. The results obtained from the sock test and the pick-up performance test were similar to findings in previous literature. [18]

In the component analysis of FABQ, 47% participants had fear in performing FABQ-PA and 27% participants had fear while performing work at workplace (FABQ-W). Pain is an unpleasant subjective experience that has physiological and psychological components. Psychological factors are a “sequence of processes starting with initial awareness of a noxious stimulus; then, cognitive processing, appraisal, and interpretation that lead people to act on their pain (i.e., their pain behavior). These processes are influenced by their consequences and are limited by the environment (e.g., cultural and social values).” [19]

As rightly pointed out by Linton and Shaw, [20] interpretation of pain is a result of highly complex cognitive and emotional processing of noxious stimuli that shapes behavior. Interpretation is influenced by beliefs (e.g., negative - “pain is harmful”), attitude (e.g., passive - “the doctor will fix my pain”), expectations (e.g., fictitious - “going to work will hurt even more”), distorted cognition (e.g., catastrophizing - “I’ll end up in a wheelchair”), and emotional distress (e.g., depression - “life’s not worthy anymore”). [20]

In our study, the association of fear (FABQ) with lack of physical performance (BPS) showed strong positive correlation with R = 0.685. As the fear increases, the physical impairment is more and vice versa. The results of the current study are in line with investigations involving chronic pain patients. [15,21,22] Prior studies in a sample of individuals with an episode of acute LBP found pain-related fear to be a significant predictor of perceived (future) disability. Interpreting pain as harmful could lead a patient to avoid activity. The fear-avoidance model would suggest that fear of activity can create further development of chronic pain through a cycle of catastrophizing, depression, deconditioning, and disability.

Clinically, to improve the activities in CLBP patients, multidisciplinary approach including cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exposure to PA may be suggested. Researchers are studying various complementary and alternative therapies for LBP, including those aimed at reducing stress and negative emotions believed to aggravate the experience of pain. For example, virtual reality programs are being studied for their ability to help people cope with persistent pain. [23] Thus, clinicians should consider the significant role of psychological mechanisms (e.g., fear of pain and reinjury) when interpreting patient performance and PA. They should also be aware that fear-avoidance beliefs may reflect patients’ actual (nonexaggerated) experience with how best they handle their LBP.

Conclusion

This study concludes that a strong relationship exists between fear-avoidance beliefs and physical activities in patients with CLBP. It also indicates the importance of testing psychological aspects such as fear and avoidance of movement in CLBP patients.

Limitations

The study has been conducted in adult population with CLBP and the findings cannot be generalized to adults with acute LBP.

Acknowledgment

We would like to thank all the participants of our study.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

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