*Corresponding Author:

Dr. TC Okeke
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UNTH Enugu, Nigeria.
E-mail: ubabiketochukwu@yahoo.com

Abstract

Background: Female genital tract malignancy is common in our low resource setting. Options now exist for prevention, detection, treatment, and palliative care for the wide spectrum of female genital tract malignancies. Women will continue to die from these cancers unless health professionals and civil society adopt means to control female genital tract cancers in our low resource setting. Aim: The objective was to determine the frequency and patterns of female genital tract malignancy at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A 6‑year retrospective study of female genital tract malignancies was conducted at the UNTH, Enugu. The case notes of patients admitted for female genital tract malignancy between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2008 were retrieved from the medical records and cancer registry of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu and relevant data were extracted. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 12 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and the results expressed in descriptive statistics by simple percentages. Results: One hundred and sixty six (166) cases of genital malignancies were recorded during the 6‑year review. Majority of the patients were in the fifth and sixth decades of life. Cancer of the cervix accounted for 66.3% (110/166) followed by ovarian cancer 21.1% (35/166). The other tumors seen during the period were tumors involving corpus uteri 9% (15/166) and vulva 3.6% (6/166). Tumors of fallopian tube and vagina were not seen during the study period. Conclusion: Despite the preventable nature of cancer of cervix, it remained the most common female genital tract malignancy in Enugu, South‑East Nigeria. In our low resource setting in the developing countries, education and public enlightenment on the importance of routine screening and treatment of premalignant lesions of the cervix are necessary tools to reduce the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer.

Keywords

Enugu-Nigeria, Female, Frequency, Genital malignancies, Palliative care, Prevention

Introduction

Female genital tract malignancies have worldwide distribution, but vary from one region to another. The acquired immune deficiency syndrome has considerably altered the pattern of female genital cancers.[1]

In developed countries, the introduction of routine screening and treatment for premalignant lesions of the cervix has lead to a dramatic fall in the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer over the past five decades.[2]

In developing countries, routine cervical cancer screening is yet to be adopted due to discrepant burden in our low resource settings namely lack of awareness of cervical cancer among the population, health care providers and policy makers, absence or poor quality of screening programs, limited access to health care services and lack of functional referral systems.[3] However, not all women that need cervical screening programs benefit from such exercise; hence there is a high rate of cervical cancer in Nigeria.[4] Cervical cancer is the most common female genital cancer in the developing countries.[5] Its distribution and presentation is unique in the developing countries because most cases present at the advanced stages of the disease.[5] In Nigeria, it is the most common cancer of the female genital tract accounting for 74.4% of female cancers in Benin City, 73.2% in Ibadan, 73.1% in Ilorin, and 73.6% in Port Harcourt.[6,7] It is the second most common malignancy after breast cancer with a relative frequency of 23.2%.[8] This incidence could be reduced with effective prevention by organized screening services and public enlightenment.

Ovarian cancer is a major cause of death from female genital tract malignancies. About 75% of the pat2ients with ovarian cancer present with advanced stages of the disease due to nonspecific symptoms of the disease and failure to detect the tumor early, disadvantaged position of the ovary, and absence of screening programs in our environment.[9]

In Nigeria there is paucity of information on female genital cancer despite the high incidence and late presentation of the female genital malignancies in our environment. Studies from various centers in Nigeria showed a decrease in percentage of cervical cancer from 73.1% to 66.3%.[10] The reason for this drop in percentage could be attributed to introduction of routine screening in some centers in Nigeria. This study aims at evaluating the relative frequencies and pattern of female genital tract malignancies in Enugu, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods

A 6-year retrospective study of the frequency and patterns of female genital malignancies in Enugu, Nigeria.

The case notes of patients admitted for female genital tract malignancy between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2008 were retrieved from the medical records department and cancer registry of the UNTH Enugu and relevant data were extracted. The medical records were reviewed by trained staff using preestablished and piloted data extraction forms. The data extracted included socio demographic characteristics (age, parity, marital status), clinical symptoms, stage, histopathology type of cancer, tumor site, and diagnosis. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 12 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and the results expressed in descriptive statistics by simple percentages.

Results

There were 1647 gynecological admissions during the study period out of which 10.1% (166/1647) were cases of genital cancers. The age distribution is shown in Table 1. The cervix uteri was the most common site occurring in 66.3% (110/166) women, followed by ovarian cancer 21.1% (35/166), Choriocarcinoma 4.2% (7/166), and endometrial cancer 4.8% (8/166). Among the seven cases of choriocarcinoma, five were chorioepithelioma and two were malignant mole. Vulva malignancies accounted for 3.6% (6/166) of the cases as shown in Table 2. Squamous cell cancer was the most common histological variety of cervical cancer.

Table 1: Age distribution of individual malignant tumor of female genital tract, n=166

Table 2: Site distribution of malignant tumors of female genital tract

The cervical cancers were more common in the fifth decade of life while ovarian tumors were commoner in the fourth decade of life as shown in Table 3. No cases of cancer of the vagina and fallopian tube were seen in the study. Table 4 shows that cervical cancer was commoner among parous women while ovarian cancer was more common among women of low parity.

Table 3: Age of distribution of malignant tumors of the genital tract

Table 4: Distribution with respect to parity among the women with cancers of genital tract

Discussion

Cervical cancers accounted for majority of the female genital cancers in this study. Carcinoma of uterine cervix accounted for 66.3%.[9] This is consistent with results from a similar study in Port Harcourt, Nigeria where cervical cancer constituted 65% of primary female genital cancers.[10]

Megafu in 1979 reported that cancer of the cervix accounted for 73.1% of all genital tract cancers from this center which is slightly higher than what was found in this study.[11] Pindiga, et al. in a study done in Maiduguri, Nigeria, reported that cancer of cervix accounted for 72.6% of all female genital cancers.[12] A similar study at the University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria, shows that carcinoma of the cervix is the most common female genital malignancy in Nigeria.[13]

Megafu in 1979 reported that cancer of the cervix accounted for 73.1% of all genital tract cancers from this center which is slightly higher than what was found in this study.[11] Pindiga, et al. in a study done in Maiduguri, Nigeria, reported that cancer of cervix accounted for 72.6% of all female genital cancers.[12] A similar study at the University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria, shows that carcinoma of the cervix is the most common female genital malignancy in Nigeria.[13]

The late presentation of female genital malignancies at the advanced stages of the disease may be as a result of low level of awareness in our low resource setting and the perception of the general public not to seek for medical advise unless necessary, lack of health care providers and policy makers, absence or poor quality of screening programs, limited access to health care services, and lack of functional referral systems.[3] The peak age incidence of carcinoma of cervix in this study was in the fifth decade of life. This finding is in agreement with previous studies in other regions of Nigeria.[12,13]

Ovarian cancer is the second most common female genital cancer in this study accounting for 21.1% of the cases, which is in contrast to an earlier study done in Enugu that reported the incidence to be 2.66%.[11] The rising incidence of ovarian cancer may not be unassociated with a reduction in the family sizes of most families as pregnancy and breast feeding are known to protect against ovarian cancers.[15,17] Secondly, there is little awareness about the nonspecific symptoms of ovarian cancer.[17] Diagnosis of ovarian cancer still poses a great challenge because of the intraabdominal disadvantaged position of the ovary leading to late presentation. There is no standard screening technique for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer.[17]

In Ibadan, Nigeria, choriocarcinoma was found to be the second most common malignant tumor of female genital tract,[4] but it accounted for 4.2% of the cases in this study which is similar to the studies done in Maiduguri.[12,18] In Uyo South-South Nigeria the incidence of vulval cancer was found to be 1.5%,[19] which is lower than the incidence in this study (3.6%).

The limitation of this study was lack of follow-up and poor documentation of vital information. Data were scanty on management outcome and records of deaths from these gynecological malignancies.

Conclusion

Carcinoma of the cervix is the most common female genital tract malignancy in Enugu, South East, Nigeria. Options now exist for prevention, detection, treatment, and palliative care for the wide spectrum of female genital tract malignancies. However, in our low resource setting women cannot avail these options.[20] In view of this, the importance of education and public enlightenment on routine screening and treatment of premalignant lesions of female genital tract malignancies is paramount.

Source of Support

Nil.

Conflict of Interest

None declared.

References

1. Spitzer M. Lower genital intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV infected women. Guidelines for evaluation and management. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1999;54:132-6.
2. Franco FL, Franco ED, Ferenczy A. Cervical cancer epidemiology, prevention and the role of human papilloma virus infection: Canadian Med Ass J 2001;164:1017-25.
3. World Health Organization. Comprehensive cancer control: A guide to essential practice. Geneva: WHO; 2006.
4. Babarinsa IA, Akang EE, Adewole IF. Pattern of gynaecological malignancies at Ibadan Cancer Registry (1976-1995). Nig Qt J Hosp Med 1998;8:103-6.
5. Bowa K, Wood C, Chao A, Chintu C, Mudenda V, Chikwenya M. A review of the epidemiology of cancers at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia. Trop Doct 2009;39:5-7.
6. Ijaiya MA, Aboyeji AP, Olatinwo AW, Buhari MO. Clinico-pathological presentation of primary cervical cancer seen in Ilorin, Nigeria. Niger J Surg Res 2002;4:89-93.
7. Nwosu SO, Anya SE. Malignancies of the female genital tract at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital: A ten year review 1990-1999. Niger Postgrad Med J 2004;11:107-9.
8. Solanke TF. Cancer in Nigeria. Nigeria Medical Association (Oyo State) Annual Quest Lecture. 1996. Ibadan, Nigeria.
9. Hari G. Epithelial ovarian tumor. In: Edmonds DK, editor. Dewhurst’s textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 7th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science Publishers; 2007. p. 625-35.
10. Saleye-Fubara D, Uzoigwe SA. Pattern of primary female genital cancer in Port Harcourt Nigeria, a 12 year review. Sahel Med J 2003;6:34-9.
11. Megafu U. Cancer of genital tract among Ibo women in Nigeria. Cancer 1979;44:1875-8.
12. Pindiga UH, El-Nafety AU, Ekanem IA. Female genital malignancies in Maiduguri, Nigeria: A review of 328 cases. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;16:52-6.
13. Edington GM, Hendrickse M. The geographical pathology of cancer in Africa with special reference to Western state of Nigeria. Dokita 1972;4:1-4.
14. Anya SE, Ezugwu FO, Okaro JM. Gynaecologic mortality in Enugu Nigeria. Trop Doct 2006;36:235-6.
15. Monaghan JM. Malignant disease of the ovary In: Edmond’s DK, editor. Dewhurst’s textbook of obstetrics and gynaecology for postgraduates. 6th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1999. p. 591-601.
16. Adab P, McGhee SM, Yanova J, Wong CM, Hedley AJ. Effectiveness and efficiency of opportunistic cervical cancer screen. Med Care 2004;42:600-9.
17. Miller BE. Ovarian Cancer In: Ling FW, Duff P, editors. Obstetrics and gynecology principles for practice, New York: McGraw-Hill Companies; 2001. p. 1298-314.
18. Kyari O, Nggada H, Mairiga A. Malignant tumours of female genital tract in North Eastern Nigeria. East Afri Med J 2004;81:142-5.
19. Bassey EA, Ekpo MD, Abasiattai A. Female genital tract malignancies in Uyo South-South Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J 2007;14:134-6.
20. Cain JM, Ngan Hextan, Garland S, Wright T. Control of cervical cancer: Women’s options and rights. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2009;106:141-3.